diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index d7524da..1305b62 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ # Active CRLH Transmission Line Modeler A MATLAB simulation of an **active Composite Right/Left-Handed (CRLH) transmission line** with a frequency-dependent negative resistance element. The structure achieves controlled gain across a user-defined passband by embedding an active shunt element (modeled as a negative resistance `Rn`) within a periodic CRLH unit cell topology. -This is supplemental code for the paper "Negative Resistance Enabled Amplifying CRLH Transmission Lines With Uniform Insertion Gain" (https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11366944) +This is supplemental code for the paper "Negative Resistance Enabled Amplifying CRLH Transmission Lines With Uniform Insertion Gain" DOI: 10.1109/LMWT.2026.3655243 (https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11366944) --- ## Background CRLH transmission lines support both left-handed (LH) and right-handed (RH) wave propagation, enabling precise dispersion control. By introducing a frequency-shaped negative conductance into the shunt branch, this design compensates for losses and achieves net gain across the passband. -The unit cell uses a ** symmetric T-network topology** with: +The unit cell uses a **symmetric T-network topology** with: - **Series branch**: Right-handed inductance `LR` + left-handed capacitance `CL` - **Shunt branch**: Right-handed capacitance `CR` + left-handed inductance `LL` + active negative resistance `Rn(f)` @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ The unit cell uses a ** symmetric T-network topology** with: - Bloch impedance (real and imaginary) - Outputs (in command window): - Constituent CRLH parameters - - $R_n(\omega) exponential fit parameters + - $R_n(\omega)$ exponential fit parameters - $S_{21}$ at desired frequencies ($\omega_1$ and $\omega_2$) - Maximum gain @@ -62,13 +62,22 @@ After cloning, add dependencies to your MATLAB path ## Design Equations -CRLH element values are solved analytically from the two phase/frequency constraints: +CRLH element values are solved analytically from the two phase/frequency constraints in Reference [1]. -$$L_R = \frac{Z_0(\theta_1 \frac{\omega_1}{\omega_2} - \theta_2)}{n\,\omega_2\!\left(1 - \left(\frac{\omega_1}{\omega_2}\right)^2\right)}$$ +Then, the required $R_n(\omega)$ is calculated as: -$$C_R = \frac{\theta_1 \frac{\omega_1}{\omega_2} - \theta_2}{n\,\omega_2 Z_0\!\left(1 - \left(\frac{\omega_1}{\omega_2}\right)^2\right)}$$ +$$R_n(\omega) = -R_0e^{\alpha\omega}$$ -with symmetric expressions for `LL` and `CL`. +with + +$$\alpha = \frac{\ln{\left(\frac{R_n(\omega_1)}{R_n(\omega_2)}\right)}}{\omega_1 - \omega_2}$$, + +$$R_0 = -R_n(\omega_1)e^{-\alpha \omega_1}$$. + + +This will approximately fit the exact solution of: + +$$R_n(\omega) = \frac{1 \pm \sqrt{1 - 4(G'_{sh} \omega L_L)^2}}{2G'_{sh}}$$ The required negative resistance at each frequency satisfies: